Serial Killers And The Criminal Justice System - 1704 Words

Serial Killers A serial killer by definition of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is a person who kills three or more people on different occasions (Barkan and Bryjak 70). Serial killers have been present in societies all throughout history, giving researchers opportunities to study them and bringing attention to their name. Fear and fascination with them enables the media to intrigue society as it creates TV shows, movies, and documentaries about famous serial killers of the past and how they develop (â€Å"Subtypes, Patterns, and Motives†). The creation of a serial killer is not based on just one aspect, but instead includes a combination of factors stemming from childhood, a biological and psychological basis (â€Å"Development, Dynamic, and Forensics†). When apprehending a serial killer, it is pivotal to assess the individual to determine the level of sanity in order to proceed in the criminal justice system (Grasham). Human nature and conduct remains relatively constant throug h time and place, which is why serial killers can be seen throughout the centuries. During the 1400s, Gilles de Rais raped, often tortured, and killed hundreds of children. Victorian England saw the infamous Jack the Ripper, killer of at least five prostitutes. He instilled fear in the city of London as he stabbed and mutilated women and teased the press by sending threatening letters until his crimes suddenly stopped. Ted Bundy was a more modern killer, known for using his charm and good looksShow MoreRelatedFemale Serial Killers: Statistics and Research864 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers: Serial killer is described as an example of a murderer who kills several individuals over a long period of time. While these people are usually male motivated by various psychological motives such as power, the number of female serial killers has increased significantly in the recent past. Unlike their male counterparts, female serial killers use less visible means of murder such as poisoning in order to keep under the radar and remain discrete (Gilbert et. al., 2003). SinceRead MoreThe Issues Behind The Criminal Justice System913 Words   |  4 PagesFor hundreds of years communities around the world have struggled with the criminal justice system and how it operates. Although many of the rules have changed, there are still groups of people who disagree with the existing guidelines. At a large, many of these people do not fully understand what they are opposing. These people have been manipulated and forced to believe in the ideas that they mindlessly back. Be it right or wrong, ma ny of these ideas were created not for the gain of the massesRead MoreUnit 8 Writing Assignment Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pageslegitimacy of the criminal justice system is based largely upon both its effectiveness and its fairness. Its effectiveness is judged by its ability to investigate and detect crime, identify offenders and mete out the appropriate sanctions to those who have been convicted of offences. Its fairness is judged by its thoroughness and the efforts it makes to redress the resource imbalance between the accused and the state at the investigatory, pre-trial, trial and appellate stages. The system does this byRead MoreEssay about Case Analysis of Richard Ramirez1572 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper presents a case analysis of Richard Ramirez, the serial killer of the 1980s better known as â€Å"The Night Stalker†. Using the qualitative method and content analysis, the findings reveal that the law enforcement procedures were minimal because of the technology available during that time and the prosecution was sufficient because of the criminal justice system. Literature Review For instance, Vetter (1990) studied the association of the intensity of the violence within theRead MoreCapital Punishment and the Media1249 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment and the Media In today’s society, the capital punishment known as the death penalty has played a major role in the criminal justice system. It has brought important debates to the national attention in every aspect to whether end the lives of criminals. With the intense media coverage, it raised high standards on disputes on high profile cases such as serial killers. The attention given by the media towards capital punishment attracts the public own opinions. As a result, they’re viewsRead MoreSerial Killer : Serial Killers909 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to an FBI study, â€Å"there have been approximately 400 serial killers in the United States in the past century, with anywhere from 2,526 to 3,860 victims (Hickey). No one really understands serial killers. It is actually quite difficult to comprehend how the mind of a serial killer works. Some believe that a serial killer feels strongly attracted by a specific physical characteristic in the victim. It could be his or her app earance: facial features, clothes, or even personality. On the otherRead MoreAnalysis of the Film Silence of the Lambs1358 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The American publics fascination with serial murders has not only continuously kept these violent men and women in the public eye, but has also inspired the creation of films that demonstrate and dramatize the heinous crimes committed by these people. One such film program that adapts crimes committed by serial murderers, and the murderers themselves, is The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Through a combination of criminology, psychology, and sociology, The Silence of the Lambs is able to not onlyRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences Essay974 Words   |  4 Pageseywords: Serial killers, females, psychopathy, archival research Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female whoRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences950 Words   |  4 PagesMotivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female who brought the concept of a female serial killer to the public’s attentionRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigations

Blitzkrieg Essay Research Paper The First Phase free essay sample

Blitzkrieg Essay, Research Paper The First Phase: Laterality of the Axis Man for adult male, the German and Polish forces were an even lucifer. Hitler committed about 1.5 million military personnels, and the Polish commanding officer, Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, expected to rally 1.8 million. That was non the whole image, nevertheless. The Germans had six panzer ( armored ) and four motorised divisions ; the Poles had one armored and one motorized brigade and a few armored combat vehicle battalions. The Germans # 8217 ; 1600 aircraft were largely of the latest types. One-half of the Poles # 8217 ; 935 planes were disused. Consequence of German Blitzkrieg on Poland On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Polish ground forces expected the onslaught to come along the Polish frontiers. But Hitler introduced a new sort of war called a blitzkrieg, which means? lightning war. ? Waves of German bombers targeted railwaies in Tczew, shown here, which crippled Polish military mobilisation. Hundreds of armored combat vehicles smashed through Polish defences and rolled deep into the state. The Poles fought hard, but on September 17, the Soviet Union invaded their state from the E. By the terminal of the month, Poland had fallen. The Blitzkrieg in Poland Polish strategic philosophy called for a stiff defence of the whole frontier and awaited several hebdomads of preliminary skirmishing. It was incorrect on both counts. On the forenoon of September 1, moving ridges of German bombers hit the railwaies and hopelessly snarled the Polish mobilisation. In four more yearss, two ground forces groups? one on the north out of East Prussia, the other on the south out of Silesia? had broken through on comparatively narrow foreparts and were directing armoured spearheads on fast thrusts toward Warsaw and Br # 234 ; st. This was blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) : the usage of armour, air power, and nomadic foot in a tweezers motion to encircle the enemy. Between September 8 and 10, the Germans closed in on Warsaw from the North and South, pin downing the Polish forces west of the capital. On September 17, a 2nd, deeper blockade closed 160 kilometer ( 100 myocardial infarction ) E, near Br # 234 ; st. On that twenty-four hours, excessively, the Soviet Red Army lunged across the boundary line. By September 20, practically the whole state was in German or Soviet custodies, and merely stray pockets continued to defy. The last to give up was the fortress at Kock, on October The Blitzkrieg in Poland Polish strategic philosophy called for a stiff defence of the whole frontier and awaited several hebdomads of preliminary skirmishing. It was incorrect on both counts. On the forenoon of September 1, moving ridges of German bombers hit the railwaies and hopelessly snarled the Polish mobilisation. In four more yearss, two ground forces groups? one on the north out of East Prussia, the other on the south out of Silesia? had broken through on comparatively narrow foreparts and were directing armoured spearheads on fast thrusts toward Warsaw and Br # 234 ; st. This was blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) : the usage of armour, air power, and nomadic foot in a tweezers motion to encircle the enemy. Between September 8 and 10, the Germans closed in on Warsaw from the North and South, pin downing the Polish forces west of the capital. On September 17, a 2nd, deeper blockade closed 160 kilometer ( 100 myocardial infarction ) E, near Br # 234 ; st. On that twenty-four hours, excessively, the Soviet Red Army lunged across the boundary line. By September 20, practically the whole state was in German or Soviet custodies, and merely stray pockets continued to defy. The last to give up was the fortress at Kock, on October 6. Course of the War In a few hebdomads of blitzkrieg ( ? lightning war? ) , mechanised German divisions overwhelmed the ill-equipped Poles, taking western Poland. The Soviets, non to be outdone, seized the eastern portion. Encouraged by success, in 1940 Germany swallowed Denmark, Norway, and the Low Countries and invaded France, which quickly collapsed. British and Gallic forces were hurriedly evacuated from Dunkerque to England. Hitler so blockaded Britain with pigboats and bombed the state with his new air force. He made a ten-year military treaty with the other Axis powers? Italy and Japan. In 1941, to help hesitation Italian forces, he sent military personnels to North Africa, Greece, and Yugoslavia. To barricade Soviet aspirations in agricultural eastern Europe, which industrial Germany needed, he all of a sudden invaded the USSR. As the Soviets retreated eastward, German ground forcess engulfed the rich Ukraine. At this point, Hitler was maestro of Continental Europe. In 1942, nevertheless, Britain was still defying, and the United States, which had entered the war after an onslaught by Japan, was directing supplies to Britain and the USSR. Hitler so ordered entire mobilisation of work forces and resources. Throughout Europe, conquered peoples, particularly Slavs and Jews, were executed or enslaved in German war mills, while their states were drained of nutrient and natural stuffs. In 1943 the tide began to turn. Supply lines in the USSR were overextended, and the Germans were bit by bit driven west. Axis forces in North Africa were defeated, and Italy was invaded. Germany itself, from 1942 on, was being consistently bombed. Although licking was inevitable, a crazed Hitler refused to give up. The war dragged on as British and U.S. forces invaded Normandy in 1944 and swept inexorably east while the Soviets marched west. Hitler committed suicide merely before Soviet armored combat vehicles rolled into Berlin in April 1945. German Invasion Hitler began be aftering an onslaught on the Soviet Union in mid-1940 and signed the directive for Operation Barbarossa in December. Stalin, declining to believe the worst, disregarded voluminous messages from his intelligence services about an at hand aggression. When Germany eventually invaded, on June 22, 1941, it came as a tactical surprise and caught the Red Army, already weakened by Stalin? s purgings, at a awful disadvantage. The German assault changed the military and political alliance of the full war, which now assumed planetary proportions. Italy, Romania, Hungary, Finland, and other Axis states declared war on the USSR. The United States extended lease-lend assistance to the Soviet Union ; it finally provided some $ 12 billion worth of equipment and nutrient. After the United States entered World War II in December 1941, it, Britain, and the Soviet Union became military Alliess. In January 1942, four months after it accepted the rules of the Atlantic Charter, the USSR and 25 other Allied states signed the United Nations Declaration, officially subscribing to the plan and intents of the Atlantic Charter and plighting their cooperation in the licking of the Axis powers. In May 1943 the USSR dissolved Comintern. The USSR? s war with Germany and its Alliess? the Great Patriotic War, as Stalin? s authorities called it? was a barbarian battle to the coating. The Axis assault was launched from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, striking for Leningrad, Moscow, and Ukraine. As the Red Army reeled back in confusion, Stalin began frenetic attempts to take industrial workss and workers from the way of the encroachers and relocated them in and behind the Ural Mountains. Much of what could non be removed was deliberately set waste. For a clip the German blitzkrieg ( violative ) appeared successful, as 1000000s of Soviet soldiers were encircled and annihilated or captured. In the Baltic States, Belorussia, and Ukraine, the encroachers met a friendly response from those who had suffered most under the Stalinist yoke. German atrociousnesss, nevertheless, stiffened Soviet opposition. The progress on Leningrad was checked in September 1941, although the metropolis was besieged until January 1944 ; casualties there exceeded 1.25 million. The thrust on Moscow was stopped in December 1941 with German armored combat vehicles about 30 kilometers ( 20 myocardial infarction ) from the metropolis centre. The Battle of Britain In the summer of 1940, Hitler dominated Europe from the North Cape to the Pyrenees. His one staying active enemy? Britain, under a new premier curate, Winston Churchill? vowed to go on contending. Whether it could was questionable. The British ground forces had left most of its arms on the beaches at Dunkerque. Stalin was in no temper to dispute Hitler. The U.S. , shocked by the autumn of France, began the first peacetime muster in its history and greatly increased its military budget, but public sentiment, although sympathetic to Britain, was against acquiring into the war. The Germans hoped to repress the British by hungering them out. In June 1940 they undertook the Battle of the Atlantic, utilizing pigboat warfare to cut the British abroad line of lifes. The Germans now had pigboat bases in Norway and France. At the beginning the Germans had merely 28 pigboats, but more were being built? plenty to maintain Britain in danger until the spring of 1943 and to transport on the conflict for months thenceforth. Invasion was the expeditious manner to complete off Britain, but that meant traversing the English Channel ; Hitler would non put on the line it unless the British air force could be neutralized foremost. As a consequence, the Battle of Britain was fought in the air, non on the beaches. In August 1940 the Germans launched daylight foraies against ports and landing fields and in September against inland metropoliss. The aim was to pull out the British combatants and destruct them. The Germans failed to think with a new device, radio detection and ranging, whic H greatly increased the British fighters’ effectivity. Because their ain losingss were excessively high, the Germans had to exchange to dark bombing at the terminal of September. Between so and May 1941 they made 71 major foraies on London and 56 on other metropoliss, but the harm they wrought was excessively indiscriminate to be militarily decisive. On September 17, 1940, Hitler postponed the invasion indefinitely, thereby professing licking in the Battle of Britain. World War II At the start of World War II, the German blitz runs in Poland and Western Europe skilfully combined air and surface mobility and striking power. These runs made the luxuriant lasting munitions of the Maginot line, built by the Gallic in the 1930s and named after its Godhead, the war curate Andr? Maginot, the symbol throughout the universe of military futility. The Maginot line, widening about 320 kilometers ( about 200 myocardial infarctions ) along the northeasterly boundary line of France, was designed to forestall a frontal assault ; the Germans invaded France in 1940 by flanking the line. The dramatic success of the German airborne assault on the bastioned Greek island of Crete seemed, for a clip, to corroborate the finding of fact that munition was a dead art. As the German run against the Soviet Union developed, nevertheless, the old Russian expression of trading infinite for clip to mobilise the full graduated table of Russian resources finally checked the German invasion and caused it to flinch into a series of bastioned places along a forepart from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. At both extremes of this forepart, stabilized besieging state of affairss developed, around Leningrad ( now Saint Petersburg ) in the North and Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) in the South, which, in their demands on human endurance and forfeit, were similar to the besiegings of wars in earlier times. The elevation of the besieging of Stalingrad by Soviet countermove became the historical symbol of the German licking. In the Pacific run, the Nipponese surprise foray on Pearl Harbor emphasized the new exposure of offshore defences against air onslaught. Land and air operations were later directed against Nipponese bastioned places, the most extended of these being on the island of Okinawa. During the reconquest of the Philippines in 1945, the Nipponese defence of the built-up subdivision of the main haven, Manila, involved siege warfare and house-to-house combat similar to that in Stalingrad. The Soviet-Finnish War On November 30, after two months of diplomatic haggle, the Soviet Union declared war on Finland. Stalin was bent on holding a blitzkrieg of his ain, but his program faltered. The Finns, under Marshal Carl G. Mannerheim, were expert at winter warfare. The Soviet military personnels, on the other manus, were frequently severely led, in portion because political purgings had claimed many of the Red Army # 8217 ; s senior officers. Outnumbered by at least five to one, the Finns held their ain and kept contending into the new twelvemonth. The onslaught on Finland aroused universe sentiment against the Soviet Union and gave an gap to the British and Gallic. They had long had their eyes on a mine at Kiruna in northern Sweden that was Germany # 8217 ; s chief beginning of Fe ore. In summer the ore went through the Baltic Sea, in winter to the ice-free Norse port of Narvik and so through impersonal Norse Waterss to Germany. The Narvik-Kiruna railway besides connected on the E with the Finnish railwaies ; accordingly, an Anglo-French force apparently sent to assist the Finns would automatically be in place to busy Narvik and Kiruna. The job was to acquire Norway and Sweden to collaborate, which both refused to make. In Germany, the naval head, Admiral Erich Raeder, urged Hitler to busy Norway for the interest of its open-water ports on the Atlantic, but Hitler showed small involvement until late January 1940, when the conditions and the find of some invasion programs by Belgium forced him to detain the onslaught on the Low Countries and France indefinitely. The first surveies he had made showed that Norway could best be taken by coincident landings at eight port metropoliss from Narvik to Oslo. Because the military personnels would hold to be transported on war vessels and because those would be easy quarry for the British naval forces, the operation would hold to be executed while the darks were long. Denmark, which posed no military jobs, could be usefully included because it had landing fields near to Norway. Denmark and Norway Stalin, fearing outside intercession, ended his war on March 8 on footings that cost Finland district but left it independent. The British and Gallic so had to happen another stalking-horse for their projected action in Narvik and Kiruna ; they decided to put mines merely outside the Narvik seaport. This they thought would arouse some sort of violent German reaction, which would allow them jumping to Norway # 8217 ; s side? and into Narvik. Hitler approved the incursions into Norway and Denmark on April 2, and the war vessels sailed on April 7. A British undertaking force laid the mines the following forenoon and headed place, go throughing the German ships without seeing them and go forthing them to do the landings unopposed on the forenoon of April 9. Danmark surrendered at one time, and the landings succeeded everyplace but at Oslo. There a garrison blocked the attack from the sea, and fog prevented an airborne landing. The Germans occupied Oslo by midday, but in the interim, the Norse authorities, make up ones minding to contend, had moved to Elverum. Although the Norwegians, aided by 12,000 British and Gallic, held out in the country between Oslo and Trondheim until May 3, the decision was neer in uncertainty. Narvik was different. There 4600 Germans faced 24,600 British, Gallic, and Norwegians backed by the guns of the British naval forces. The Germans had an advantage in the huskiness of the terrain and a greater one in their oppositions # 8217 ; decelerate, methodical moves. Therefore, they held Narvik until May 28. In the first hebdomad of June they were backed against the Swedish boundary line and near to holding to take resignation or internment, but by so, military catastrophes in France were coercing the British and Gallic to remember their military personnels from Narvik. The German Invasion of the USSR The war # 8217 ; s most monolithic brush began on the forenoon of June 22, 1941, when somewhat more than 3 million German military personnels invaded the USSR. Although German readyings had been seeable for months and had been talked about openly among the diplomats in Moscow, the Soviet forces were taken by surprise. Stalin, his assurance in the state # 8217 ; s military capableness shaken by the Finnish war, had refused to let any counteractivity for fright of arousing the Germans. Furthermore, the Soviet military leading had concluded that blitzkrieg, as it had been practiced in Poland and France, would non be possible on the graduated table of a Soviet-German war ; both sides would hence restrict themselves for the first several hebdomads at least to sparring along the frontier. The Soviet ground forces had 2.9 million military personnels on the western boundary line and outnumbered the Germans by two to one in armored combat vehicles and by two or three to one in aircraft. Man y of its armored combat vehicles and aircraft were older types, but some of the armored combat vehicles, peculiarly the later celebrated T-34s, were far superior to any the Germans had. Large Numberss of the aircraft were destroyed on the land in the first twenty-four hours, nevertheless, and their armored combat vehicles, like those of the Gallic, were scattered among the foot, where they could non be effectual against the German panzer groups. The foot was foremost ordered to counterstrike, which was impossible, and so prohibit to withdraw, which ensured their sweeping devastation or gaining control. Initial German Successs For the invasion, the Germans had set up three ground forces groups, designated as North, Center, and South, and aimed toward Leningrad, Moscow, and Kyiv. Hitler and his generals had agreed that their chief strategic job was to lock the Soviet ground forces in conflict and get the better of it before it could get away into the deepnesss of the state. They disagreed on how that could best be accomplished. Most of the generals believed that the Soviet government would give everything to support Moscow, the capital, the hub of the route and railway webs, and the state # 8217 ; s chief industrial centre. To Hitler, the land and resources of the Ukraine and the oil of the Caucasus were more of import, and he wanted to prehend Leningrad every bit good. The consequence had been a via media? the three pushs, with the one by Army Group Center toward Moscow the strongest? that temporarily satisfied Hitler every bit good as the generals. War games had indicated a triumph in approximately 10 he bdomads, which was important because the Russian summer, the ideal clip for contending in the USSR, was short, and the Balkans operations had caused a 3-week hold at the beginning. Ten hebdomads seemed ample clip. Churchill offered the USSR an confederation, and Roosevelt promised lease-lend assistance, but after the first few yearss, their staffs believed everything would be over in a month or so. By the terminal of the first hebdomad in July, Army Group Center had taken 290,000 captives in blockades at Bialystok and Minsk. On August 5, holding crossed the Dnieper River, the last natural barrier West of Moscow, the ground forces group wiped out a pocket near Smolensk and counted another 300,000 captives. On making Smolensk, it had covered more than two-thirds of the distance to Moscow.

Punished by Rewards free essay sample

The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A’s, Praise, and Other Bribes (1993), contends that rewards and punishments are â€Å"two sides of the same coin† (p. 50). Although rewards are certainly more pleasurable, they are â€Å"every bit as controlling as punishments, even if they control by seduction† (p. 51). According to Kohn, if we want youngsters to become self-regulating, responsible, caring individuals, we must abandon attempts at external control and provide students with opportunities to develop competence, connection, and autonomy in caring classroom communities One of the most important parts of being an effective teacher is motivation of the children you are teaching. When I was learning have to be an effective teacher in my methods classes, many of the techniques that I was taught included extrinsic motivation. When I began my student teaching I watched techniques my cooperating teacher used to motivation and noticed she did not use any of the techniques I had learned in my classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Punished by Rewards or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I found myself confused about how I would handle the matter of motivation when it came time for me to take control of the class on my own. I used candy and a treasure chest for rewards, but found that I only received motivation for a short time in return for these rewards. I knew that I would have to do more research and construct a new plan to motivate my student’s long term. I did some research and found that, extrinsic motivation refers to an individual’s involvement in an activity because an incentive or reward external to the activity has been offered. An extrinsically motivated child will choose to read a book or complete homework because they will get stickers when they have finished or not be allowed to watch TV if they do not finish. Another frequently used tactic to motivate children is threating to call the parent or some other authority figure if they do not get their work done. Another form of motivation is intrinsic motivation, this involves knowing that a person does what they do, not because someone else wants them to do it, or because I believe someone will respect or like me for doing it. What they do satisfies them regardless of what others may think. This true form of motivation reflects the genuine inclinations and feelings of the child, not the values or expectations of teachers or parents (Dr. Gabor Mate, 1999). Although the motivation literatures point out that intrinsic motivation is critical to student learning, the U. S. education system is organized and ran in a way that supports and promotes extrinsic motivation. Many parents and teachers believe that the external rewards such as money for good grades and bribes are the best way to motivate children. These well-intentioned, quick fix approaches to motivate send the message that there should be a tangible reward for doing schoolwork or behaving correctly. These techniques may work short-term, but long-term they will weaken the development of intrinsic motivation. Internal and external motivation does not necessarily reinforce one another. Extrinsic rewards can interfere with intrinsic motivation by turning an intrinsically attractive activity, such as reading for pleasure, into a means to an external goal, such as getting a pizza (Deci, 1995). Researchers studying motivation (Deci 1990; Ryan 1985; Nicholls 1983) generally agree on three points. First, motivation is an inherent natural capacity to learn that need to be elicited from within an individual rather than established form outside an individual. Second, teachers and parents must become aware that the long-term earning is to promote the development of motivation that arises for the child’s own nature and inclinations. Third, children must be intrinsically motivated to become self-regulated, independent, lifelong learners. One hypothesis that tested internal and external modification is the overjustofocation effect. The overjustification effect states that how individuals will feel toward performing certain tasks is determined by whether they are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to perform the task (Deci, 1971). Using the self-perception theory’s prediction that when extrinsic motivations are present they will take precedent over intrinsic motivations, the overjustification effect reveals the importance of motivation on performance (Lepper, Greene, amp; Nisbett). In 1971, Deci suggested that in a situation where an individual was to receive a reward for an activity, and knew about the reward prior to participating in said activity, then the individual would attribute his or her behavior to the reward instead of the activity itself. Deci’s theory led to the hypothesis that once an activity is associated with the external reward; a person will be less inclined to participate in the activity in the future without a reward present. Two years after Deci’s study, a group of researchers again tested the overjustification hypothesis in a field experiment. Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett (1973) went to a nursery school and observed children’s intrinsic interest in various activities to confirm Deci’s theory. The children were then put into one of three conditions for the experiment. In the first condition, known as the â€Å"expected-award condition,† children were told they would receive a reward (a certificate with a seal and a ribbon) for partaking in the activity that they were previously doing out of pure intrinsic interest. †¢ In the second condition, the â€Å"unexpected-award condition,† the children were not told of the reward until after they finished the activity. †¢ In the third condition, also called the â€Å"no-reward condition,† the researchers did not tell or give the children any reward. This group thus served as the control group, since extrinsic rewards were not involved either before or after performance. The extrinsic reward phase ended with the researchers giving the children the certificates based on their condition group. In the following phase, the researchers let the children go about their activities, but this time without offering or giving any rewards. In accordance with the overjustification hypothesis, the children in the â€Å"expected-reward condition† had become less interested in their activities since the introduction of the extrinsic motivation. However, there was no change in the interest of the group who received the reward unexpectedly. This is because the children in this condition did not know about the reward until after the activity, and therefore attributed their behavior to an enjoyment of the activity. Similarly, those who did not expect or receive a reward had no extrinsic motivation, and showed no decline in interest as a result. Based off of the research I did and examples I found, I plan to base the motivation I provide to my students on intrinsic techniques and rewards. I will do everything I can to help to develop the children’s intrinsic motivation, so they can gain the tools needed to motivate themselves internally. This will be a skill, once mastered that will continue to benefit them and assist them to become successful in all aspects of their lives.

Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability Essays

Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability Essays Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability Paper Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy The sustainable yield of resources is the maximum yield that humans can utilize without reducing available supply or causing that resource to seize to exist An economic growth is a growth in a nations GAP. And per capita GAP is a measure of a countrys economic development Environmental (natural capital) degradation is the depletion of the earths natural resources Ecological footprint is the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a particular country or area with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use. Pollution is any presence within the environment of a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat at a level that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms. And it can occur from a number of sources: Point Sources: single and identifiable sources. A. Mobil: aircrafts, automobiles exhausts b. Nan-Mobil: Factories drain pipes Non-point Sources: dispersed and often difficult to identify. Ex: waste from unknown places. There are two main types of pollutants: Degradable: that can be broken down by natural processes Non-degradable: cannot be broken down by natural processes Unwanted effects of pollutants: Degrading and disrupting life supporting systems Damaging wildlife, human health, and property Create nuisance such as noise and unpleasant smells Pollution control: Output control, Ex: clean-ups Input control, Ex: Prevention There are 3 types of properties and resources: Private properties Common properties . Open access properties Tragedy of the commons occurs when each user of a shared common resources or open-access resource reasons if dont use this resource someone else will. The little bit that I use or pollute is not enough to matter, and navy, its a renewable resource. Ecological tipping point (threshold level) is when the ecological footprint exceeds the earths biological capacity and reaches an irreversible point. The tipping point can have a time delay before the degradation action and the tipping point reaction. Cultural hinges that have increased humans ecological footprint are: Agricultural revolution Industrial revolution Information-globalization revolution Environmental disruptions are mainly caused by: Over population Unsustainable resource use Poverty Exclusion Of environmental costs from the overall production cost  Affluence has harmful environmental effects like: High levels of consumption High levels of pollution Unnecessary waste of resources And beneficial effects in providing funds to develop technologies to reduce.

Taking a Stand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taking a Stand - Term Paper Example Speaking and acting on behalf of a vulnerable patient is an example of an issue that requires me to perform the role of moral agent or advocate to improve the situation. Walsh (201o) brings forward the fact that "The prime responsibility of nurses is to nurse her patient, and that, in doing so, she is free to express compassion, the emotion that is distressing, but that motivates her actions in satisfying the most basic of her patients needs" (p. 748). It is an ethical or moral issue for nurses to act as advocates for their patients as some of them may be frail, susceptible, and helpless. Through advocacy, nurses are able to eliminate pain, distress, as well as uncalled for forms of treatment. The issue of incompetence is the medical profession also necessitates the need for advocacy. Incompetency may include wrong medications and breach of confidentiality of patients records. The relationship between patients and their doctors does not in many cases allow them to speak freely hence they are not involved in making decisions regarding their treatment. Patients have a right to be involved in the decision making process and are subsequently entitled to decide on the mode of treatment they would prefer (Tomajan, 2012). Therefore, nurses are obligated to act as advocates for patients rights and speak on their behalf. There are a number of negative outcomes that may result if this role is not fulfilled. Firstly, patients will not have the capacity to make informed choices and decisions in regard to their health issues as well as treatment. A patient may lack the capacity to speak on his or her behalf, meaning that there is poor communication. It is also worth noting that if advocacy for patients rights is not fulfilled, then issues of incompetence may increases (Tomajan, 2012). For instance, advocacy in nursing ensures that patients medical records are treated with discretion and hence if it is

Vegetarian diets versus eating meat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vegetarian diets versus eating meat - Essay Example Other than the health perspective of eating vegetables, a close look at the chicken production in factory farms gives us another reason not to eat meat. According to Scott Bronstein(1991) article on poultry inspection of the nations poultry plants, every week, millions of chicken leaking yellow puss, stained feces, contaminated by diseases causing bacteria, with lung, heart, and skin infections are shipped for sale to consumers. Scott continues that, the birds are beheaded and gutted by powerful machines. Contaminations often occur at this point as the high-speed machines rip open the intestines commonly spilling the feces on the meat and body cavities. Such contamination is what we eat the chicken we often purchase. It is high time individuals decide whether it is cheap chicken or their health. I am supporting my opinion on a vegetarian diet. It a non-complicated position or decision. My opinion regarding vegetarianism is that I support for vegetarianism, but also a position on wise r animal agriculture. It is also a stance for the acceptance of a more omnivore diet. The safety of our animals products especially factory meat is questionable. The contamination and inconsistencies in following health protocols and ensuring the food products are of safe is a concern. On the contrary, it is clear that a vegetarian diet may pose less threat to our health compared to factory animal products.Despite the fact that eating vegetable requires no consumption of dairy products, fish, seafood, meat.

Hounds of Baskerville - Main Events Essay Example for Free

Hounds of Baskerville Main Events Essay Sir Charles Baskerville is found dead in the alley near his home, Baskerville Hall. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson are asked by a family friend to investigate furthur. * Sir Henry, the new heir to the family inheritance, arrives from Canada to move into Baskerville Hall. However, strange things start happening. He receives a letter telling him to keep away from the moor and two of his boots go missing (a new black one, and an old brown one). They also discover that a mysterious bearded man has been following them in a cab. Watson is asked to travel with Sir Henry to Baskerville Hall for protection. as Holmes cannot accompany him himself at the moment. * Watson meets the Barrymores and Mr. Stapleton near the Grimpen Mire, and learns about a dangerous prisoner (Seldon) that has escaped from Princetown and is currently hiding in the area. Miss Stapleton, Mr. Stapleton’s sister, mistakens Watson for Sir Henry and warns him to go back to London. * Sir Henry falls in love with Miss Stapleton and proposes marriage. Her brother reacts furiously and rudely. Watson later discovers that Miss Stapleton is actually Mr. Stapleton’s wife! * Watson finds out that the escaped criminal is Mrs Barrymore’s brother. * Barrymore reveals that on the night of his death, Sir Charles was going to meet Laura Lyons, in order to help her start a buisness. Laura Lyon explains that she never got to meet Sir Charles. * Watson inspects the huts around the moor and runs into Holmes, who has been investigating undercover. The two of them find Selden’s dead body, dressed in Sir Henry’s clothes. * While dining, Holmes observes that the face/painting of Sir Hugo Baskerville is extremely similar to the face of someone else. Realizing the cuplrit behind all this mayhem, Holmes comes up with a plan. * The group waits outside of the culprit’s home. Sir Henry (unknowingly dining with the culprit) is attacked by a huge hound. Luckily, the hound is shot down, but the culprit is no where to be seen. They look for him the next day, unsuccessfully, as they find him dead.